### import the dataset [PRICES] prices <- readxl::read_excel("state-data.xlsx", sheet="pricess") ### convert the variables into factors prices <- readxl::read_excel("state-data.xlsx", sheet = "prices") prices$item <- factor(prices$item) attach(prices) ### graphical visualization GGally::ggparcoord(prices, columns = 2:5, groupColumn = "item", scale = "uniminmax") ### Euclidean distance dist(prices) ## scaled Euclidean distances z.prices <- scale(prices[,2:5]) dist(z.prices) ### Manhattan distance dist(prices, method = "manhattan") ### Minkowski metric dist(prices, method = "minkowski", p = 3) dist(prices, method = "maximum") ### Mahalanobis distance biotools::D2.dist(prices[,2:5], cov(prices[,2:5]))