Philosophical anthropology
Osnova sekce
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Philosophical Anthropology
KFI/NFAN
3 ECTS Credits
Tomáš Machula
The course focused on the philosophical reflection of human beings and related topics as a person, mind (soul) and body, cognition and action.
The student will have good knowledge about important views on the human being as a person. He/she will be able to critically evaluate and consider them. He/she also will acquire basic information about concepts of person and society that have even nowadays very important consequences in ethics or politics.
Lectures
1. PERSON – ethical importance of "person"; ontological concept
2. PERSON – psychological concept; the sociological concept of the person
3. PERSON – critical reflection
4. SOUL AND BODY – naturalistic reductionism; non-reductive concepts
5. SOUL AND BODY – the dualism of principles; substantial dualism
6. SOUL AND BODY – critical reflection
7. SENSITIVE AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE – cognitive and appetitive powers; sensual knowledge; intellectual knowledge
8. SENSITIVE AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE – emotions; will
9. FREEDOM – libertarianism; strict determinism
10. FREEDOM – compatibilism; agent causation; two concepts of freedom
11. ANIMAL – rational animal; a social animal
12. ANIMAL – animal the maker; playing animal; mere animalLiterature
Basic
Lombo, J. A., Russo, F., Philosophical Anthropology. An Introduction, Illinois 2007.
The book presents the traditional set of topics that are connected with philosophical anthropology. Almost all important questions are presented and discussed in detail, including person, soul and body, cognitive and appetitive powers etc. It is the basic literature for all students of this subject.
Clarke, N. W., Person and Being, Marquette 1993.
The book is focused strictly on the concept of person. According to Clarke, there must be some fundamental basis in metaphysics that enables the development of the concept of a person meaningfully and intelligible. The philosophical approach of this book is inspired by Aquinas metaphysics and it is open to some modern and contemporary inspirations of various personalist philosophies.
Neenan, M. A., The Nature of Human Soul, Cluny 2017.
The short book deals with the powers of human soul. It is a good introduction to the topic.
Additional
Eberl, J., The Nature of Human Persons, Notre Dame 2020.
The book is focused on anthropology and bioethics so that it is especially the first half of the book that is important for this topic. It is important for its deep discussions of the body-mind problem. The materialist, hylomorphic and substance dualism solutions are extensively treated and critically discussed.
Agassi, J., Towards a Rational Philosophical Anthropology, Hague 1977.
The book presents very interesting introduction to several dimensions of humanity, e.g. scientist view of human being as mere machine, understanding human being as an animal, development of classical Greek definitions of human being as a rational and social being and finally, religious view of human being as an image of God.
Parfit, D., Reasons and Persons, Oxford 1984.
Parfit is one of the classics. The book is a very interesting reading for an advanced reader who is interested especially in the problem of personal identity.
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- ethical importance of "person"
- ontological concept
Východiskem všech úvah o osobě je použití slova v etickém významu. To ukazuje, proč je vyjasnění tohoto termínu zásadní a klíčové pro další úvahy.
Osobu v etickém významu tedy chápeme jako východisko. Další diskuse, které budou navazovat, se týkají otázky, co přesně musí nějaká bytost mít nebo být, aby ˇmohla být chápána jako osoba, a aby si mohla nárokovat to, co z etického významu termínu "osoba" vyplývá.
- ethical importance of "person"
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- psychological concept
- sociological concept of the person
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- critical reflection
concept
ontological
psychological
sociological
human and person
inclusivism
HaP
Ɐx (Hx → Px)
exclusivism
HoP
Ǝx (Hx & ~Px)
exclusivism
HoP
Ǝx (Hx & ~Px)
standard of personality
intrinsic
rational nature
intrinsic
actual self-consciousness
extrinsic
society recognition
meaning of a body for personal identity
important and necessary
none
not important
persistence of a person
rigid
weaker
very weak
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- naturalistic reductionism
- non-reductive concepts
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- the dualism of principles
- substantial dualism
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- critical reflection
classical concept
Cartesian concept
Philosophy of Mind
mind = reason (immaterial)
mind = reason + senses
res cogitans
- reason (immaterial)
- senses (immaterial but materially conditioned)
mind (without specification)
(material)
senses (material)
body (material)
body (material)
res extensa
body (material)
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- cognitive and appetitive powers
- sensual knowledge
- intellectual knowledge
Cognition
Affection
External senses
- touch- sight- hearing- taste- olfactionInternal senses
- connecting sense
- phantasy
- memory
- estimative power
Appetitive sensitive powers
- concupiscible
- irascibleReason
Intellect
Will
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- emotions
- will
GOOD
EVIL
absolute
love
hatred
absent
desire
aversion
reached
joy
sorrow
difficult
hope
unachievable
despair
hardly to overcome
courage
invincible
fear
present
anger
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- libertarianism
- strict determinism
determinism
free choice
moral responsibility
compatibilism
+
+
+
incompatibilism
- libertarianism
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+
+
- hard determinism
+
-
-
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- compatibilism
- agent causation
- two concepts of freedom
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- rational animal
- social animal
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- animal the maker
- playing animal
- mere animal