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    Philosophical Anthropology

    KFI/NFAN

    3 ECTS Credits

    Tomáš Machula

     

    The course focused on the philosophical reflection of human beings and related topics as a person, mind (soul) and body, cognition and action.

    The student will have good knowledge about important views on the human being as a person. He/she will be able to critically evaluate and consider them. He/she also will acquire basic information about concepts of person and society that have even nowadays very important consequences in ethics or politics.

     

    Lectures


    1. PERSON – ethical importance of "person"; ontological concept

    2. PERSON – psychological concept; the sociological concept of the person

    3. PERSON – critical reflection

    4. SOUL AND BODY – naturalistic reductionism; non-reductive concepts

    5. SOUL AND BODY – the dualism of principles; substantial dualism

    6. SOUL AND BODY – critical reflection

    7. SENSITIVE AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE – cognitive and appetitive powers; sensual knowledge; intellectual knowledge

    8. SENSITIVE AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE – emotions; will

    9. FREEDOM – libertarianism; strict determinism

    10. FREEDOM – compatibilism; agent causation; two concepts of freedom

    11. ANIMAL – rational animal; a social animal

    12. ANIMAL – animal the maker; playing animal; mere animal

     

    Literature

    Basic

    Lombo, J. A., Russo, F., Philosophical Anthropology. An Introduction, Illinois 2007.

    The book presents the traditional set of topics that are connected with philosophical anthropology. Almost all important questions are presented and discussed in detail, including person, soul and body, cognitive and appetitive powers etc. It is the basic literature for all students of this subject.

    Clarke, N. W., Person and Being, Marquette 1993.

    The book is focused strictly on the concept of person. According to Clarke, there must be some fundamental basis in metaphysics that enables the development of the concept of a person meaningfully and intelligible. The philosophical approach of this book is inspired by Aquinas metaphysics and it is open to some modern and contemporary inspirations of various personalist philosophies.

    Neenan, M. A., The Nature of Human Soul, Cluny 2017.

    The short book deals with the powers of human soul. It is a good introduction to the topic.

     

     

    Additional

    Eberl, J., The Nature of Human Persons, Notre Dame 2020.

    The book is focused on anthropology and bioethics so that it is especially the first half of the book that is important for this topic. It is important for its deep discussions of the body-mind problem. The materialist, hylomorphic and substance dualism solutions are extensively treated and critically discussed.

    Agassi, J., Towards a Rational Philosophical Anthropology, Hague 1977.

    The book presents very interesting introduction to several dimensions of humanity, e.g. scientist view of human being as mere machine, understanding human being as an animal, development of classical Greek definitions of human being as a rational and social being and finally, religious view of human being as an image of God.

    Parfit, D., Reasons and Persons, Oxford 1984.

    Parfit is one of the classics. The book is a very  interesting reading for an advanced reader who is interested especially in the problem of personal identity.


    •  ethical importance of "person"
    • ontological concept


    Východiskem všech úvah o osobě je použití slova v etickém významu. To ukazuje, proč je vyjasnění tohoto termínu zásadní a klíčové pro další úvahy.

    Osobu v etickém významu tedy chápeme jako východisko. Další diskuse, které budou navazovat, se týkají otázky, co přesně musí nějaká bytost mít nebo být, aby ˇmohla být chápána jako osoba, a aby si mohla nárokovat to, co z etického významu termínu "osoba" vyplývá.

    • psychological concept
    • sociological concept of the person

    • critical reflection


    concept

    ontological

    psychological

    sociological

    human and person

    inclusivism

    HaP

    Ɐx (Hx → Px)

    exclusivism

    HoP

    Ǝx (Hx & ~Px)

    exclusivism

    HoP

    Ǝx (Hx & ~Px)

    standard of personality

    intrinsic

    rational nature

    intrinsic

    actual self-consciousness

    extrinsic

    society recognition

    meaning of a body for personal identity

    important and necessary

    none

    not important

    persistence of a person

    rigid

    weaker

    very weak


    • naturalistic reductionism
    • non-reductive concepts
    • the dualism of principles
    • substantial dualism
    • critical reflection

    classical concept

    Cartesian concept

    Philosophy of Mind

    mind = reason (immaterial)

    mind = reason + senses

    res cogitans

    - reason (immaterial)

    - senses (immaterial but materially conditioned)

    mind (without specification)

    (material)

    senses (material)

    body (material)

    body (material)

    res extensa

    body (material)


    • cognitive and appetitive powers
    • sensual knowledge
    • intellectual knowledge



    Cognition

    Affection

    External senses

    - touch
    - sight
    - hearing
    - taste
    - olfaction

    Internal senses

    - connecting sense

    - phantasy

    - memory

    - estimative power

    Appetitive sensitive powers

    - concupiscible

    - irascible

    Reason

    Intellect

    Will


    • emotions
    • will


    GOOD

    EVIL

    absolute

    love

    hatred

    absent

    desire

    aversion

    reached

    joy

    sorrow

    difficult

    hope

    unachievable

    despair

    hardly to overcome

    courage

    invincible

    fear

    present

    anger


    • libertarianism
    • strict determinism


    determinism

    free choice

    moral responsibility

    compatibilism

    +

    +

    +

    incompatibilism

    - libertarianism

    -

    +

    +

    - hard determinism

    +

    -

    -


    • compatibilism
    • agent causation
    • two concepts of freedom
    • rational animal
    • social animal
    • animal the maker
    • playing animal
    • mere animal